AICyberLex Nexus

தெய்வத்தான் ஆகா தெனினும் முயற்சிதன் மெய்வருத்தக் கூலி தரும்.

- திருவள்ளுவர்

This couplet by Thiruvalluvar, a Tamil philosopher, which explains as “Even though God be against, Effort is bound to pay the wages of labour” lays emphasis on the labours standards and rights is notable.

In Indian economy a broad spectrum of activities function outside the formal labour legal framework referred to as the informal sector or the unorganised sector. A significant portion of labour in urban areas and most labour in rural areas are employed in unorganised sector. The workers under this sector called the unorganised workers, generally include agriculturists, migrant workers, family oriented workers etc., According to the Ministry of Labour and Employment, the unorganised workers constitute about 93% total workforce and 43.7 crore workers in India. These workers require regularised basic and specified protection because besides getting irregular and low paid work they also face social discrimination. This protection is made available to them as Social Security with the aid of various acts, schemes and policies by the Government. One such example is The Unorganised Workers Social Security act, 2008 which is enacted to enable social security to the unorganised sector and its workers. Apart from this there are more acts, schemes and also more provisions in different acts which aims at empowering unorganised workers is to be duly noted.

This research paper aims at establishing the basic meaning of Unorganised sector and how it is differentiated form Organised sector and further establishes the nature of its workers too. Then it analyses the why’s and how’s of social security to the unorganised sector and its workers. Further , our paper specifically concentrates on the successful models or initiatives by our Indian government under this heading and provides a detailed analyses of the same with the aim to create awareness. And it is concluded with current developments from the passing of such models and provides possible solutions for the betterment of such models and to aid for the framing of new ones too.

Key words : Unorganised Sector, Unorganised Workers, rural and urban, Ministry of labour and employment, Social Security, successful models of social security.

List of Abbreviations

1.Introduction

The unorganized sector forms the backbone of India’s labour force, employing millions of workers who operate outside formal employment structures. These workers, often lacking job security, fair wages, and basic rights, face various socio-economic vulnerabilities. The unorganized workforce includes a diverse group, ranging from agricultural labourers and domestic workers to migrant labourers and self-employed individuals. Despite constituting the majority portion of India’s total workforce, unorganized workers receive minimal protection under existing labour laws, which are primarily designed for the formal sector.

Social security, in the form of government schemes and policies, plays a critical role in providing these workers with essential protections, such as healthcare, pensions, and accident insurance. The Unorganised Workers' Social Security Act, 2008, was a key step towards formalizing social security for this sector. However, the success of social security models in India depends on their implementation, awareness, and accessibility for unorganized workers.

This paper aims to explore the need for social security in the unorganized sector, analysing successful models introduced by the government. It will also examine the effectiveness of these models, with the objective of raising awareness and suggesting improvements for future policy frameworks.

2.Review of literature

Shams Mukhtar conducted a study on Health hazard and occupational safety challenges for Unorganized sector workers in India in 2021 and pointed out that Unorganized sector employees get very less returns of their work and they work in worst physical environment. They are highly sensible for insecurity in employment and are not getting socio-economic protection against the hazard in health, work and life.

Mookiah conducted a study on Problems and Prospects of Unorganized Workers In Tamil Nadu in 2018 and pointed out that the government can take proper steps to improve the unorganised sectors through wage reforms, implementing new methods for agriculture, adopted rural development programmes, fixed the hours of work and strictly enacted labour laws it improves the status of unorganized workers in Tamil Nadu.

3. Objectives

To establish the basis of unorganised sector and its workers in India.

To describe and distinguish the organised and unorganised sectors by highlighting their characteristics in the Indian economy.

To analyse the conditions of the unorganised sector and its workers in India and the corresponding importance of social security.

To critically examine and evaluate the successful models of social security for unorganised workers with the aid of case studies and current scenarios.

To propose recommendations or solutions for improving existing social security schemes and to bring about their awareness.

4.Significance

Contribution to Policy Development : This research will offer valuable insights into the current social security models for unorganized workers, helping policymakers design more effective, inclusive, and targeted interventions.

Addressing Economic Vulnerability : By highlighting the challenges unorganized workers face, the research emphasizes the importance of structured social security to uplift millions of marginalized workers, ensuring economic stability and protection against poverty.

Fostering Social Justice : The research draws attention to social inequalities and discrimination faced by unorganized workers, advocating for social justice and the extension of labour rights to traditionally excluded populations.

Awareness Creation : By critically analysing successful models of social security, the paper aims to spread awareness among stakeholders, including workers, NGOs, and civil society, regarding existing schemes and how to maximize their benefits.

Enhancing Academic Knowledge : The study contributes to the broader academic discourse on labour rights and social security in developing economies, specifically focusing on the informal sector in India.

Future Recommendations : The paper’s findings and analysis will provide practical recommendations for improving existing social security schemes and developing innovative models to ensure better protection for unorganized workers in the future.

5. Limitation

Though the models of Indian government are well framed and established, their understanding at the basic level and accessing them easily was a big task. They had complex website mechanisms and numerous information scattered throughout the internet as well.

6. Methodology

This is a doctrinal research paper where we have relied on books and other officially recognised reports, sources and articles from the government.

7. Unorganised sector and unorganised workers

The unorganised sector employs the majority of rural labour and a sizable portion of urban employment in India. Generally, the unorganised sector jobs are not registered and have no fixed terms and conditions of employment. This unorganised sector is too large and diverse to be defined conceptually. The first National Commission on Labour, chaired by Justice Gajendragadkar, defined the unorganised sector as workers “who have not been able to organise in pursuit of a common objective because of constraints such as

casual nature of employment,

ignorance and illiteracy,

small size of establishments with low capital investment per person employed,

scattered nature of establishments and

superior strength of the employer operating singly or in combination.”

Further, the Unorganised workers social security act, 2008 in section 2(l) defines “unorganised sector” as an enterprise owned by individuals or self-employed workers and engaged in the production or sale of goods or providing service of any kind whatsoever, and where the enterprise employs workers, the number of such workers is less than ten. As per NITI-AYOG data 85% of workers are working in unorganised sector and they contribute nearly 60% to India’s national income. This proves the importance and significance of this sector in the Indian economy.

The Unorganised workers social security act, 2008 in also section 2(m) defines “unorganised worker” as a home-based worker, self-employed worker or a wage worker in the unorganised sector and includes a worker in the organised sector who is not covered by any of the Acts mentioned in Schedule II to this Act, such as:

The Workmen Compensation act, 1923

The Industrial Disputes act,1947

The Employee’s State Insurance act,1948

Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions act,1952

Maternity Benefit act, 1961

Payment of Gratuity act, 1972.

In India, more than 90% of unorganised sector workers are working as self-employed and casual workers. These unorganised workers who are the employees under the unorganised sector have low wages, unpredictable and irregular employment, and a lack of protection from legislation or trade unions. According to the United Nations labour agency more than 61 percent of the world's employed population, or two billion people, work in the informal sector. It lays emphasis on the importance of transitioning to the formal economy to ensure protection of rights and decent working conditions. In Africa, 85.8% of employment is informal. The share is 68.2% in Asia and the Pacific, 68.6% in the Arab States, 40% in the Americas, and slightly more than 25% in Europe and Central Asia. It is also to be noted that in approximately 740 million of the world's two billion informal labourers are women. Specifically when talking about India, The informal sector offers work and income for a large segment of the population, where formal sector jobs may be restricted. It is one of the main reasons why the employees also prefer working in the unorganised sector.

8. Difference between organised and unorganised sector

The workforce in the Indian economy can broadly be classified into two main sectors, the organised and the unorganised sectors. Generally, the organised sector is one which has been registered with the government or by the government and they have to follow the rules and regulations put forward by the government.

The Unorganised workers social security act, 2008 defines “organised sector” in section 2(f) as an enterprise which is not an unorganised sector.

Before going into the differentiation lets understand the categories of organised and unorganised sector which are Agriculture, auto drivers, beedi industries, coir workers, construction, delivery partners, domestic workers, shop keeping, salt workers, vegetable and fruit vendors, newspaper vendors, line workers, hotel management, fisherman, taxi drivers, handloom workers, plantation etc., and government employees, police, industries, registered workers at institutions, schools etc., respectively.

Now, the basic difference between the organised and Unorganised sectors and its workers can be understood based on its respective characteristics and the same is given in the table below.

9. Conditions of unorganised sector and its workers

The conditions of unorganized workers in India remain a significant concern due to several socio-economic challenges. Here are some key points highlighting their current situation:

1.Lack of Job Security and Informal Employment:

The majority of unorganized workers in India, face inconsistent employment and low wages. They often do not have formal contracts, making their jobs highly precarious.

2. Absence of Social Security:

Unorganized workers lack access to basic social security benefits like health insurance, pensions, or maternity benefits.

3. Low Wages and Wage Disparities:

These workers are often paid below minimum wage, and wage disparities are rampant. Gender disparities in wages are also prevalent, with women in informal sectors being paid less than their male counterparts.

4. Occupational Hazards:

Unsafe working conditions are common, particularly in industries like construction, mining, and agriculture, where workers are exposed to health and safety risks without adequate protection.

5. Impact of COVID-19:

The pandemic worsened the situation for unorganized workers, with millions losing their jobs and incomes during lockdowns. Many migrated back to rural areas, facing food insecurity and limited healthcare access.

6. Limited Access to Healthcare and Education:

Unorganized workers often have poor access to healthcare and lack proper nutrition, which impacts their overall well-being. Their children also face difficulties accessing quality education, perpetuating the cycle of poverty.

7. Challenges of Unionization:

The last but not the least, the lack of unionization among unorganized workers hinders their ability to demand better wages, working conditions, and rights, leaving them vulnerable to exploitation.

10. Social Security

The concept of social security is based on the idea of human dignity and social justice. Justice in the terms of distribution of wealth, opportunities and privileges within a society. The purpose of social security is to provide an income up to a maximum level and also medical treatment to bring the interruption of the earning to an end as soon as possible. Based on the above explained categories and characteristics of unorganised sector and its workers with their current condition we can clearly see and establish that the social security is the best tool to regulate the unorganised sector and provide its workers with just living and fair benefits. Social security is crucial for the unorganized sector in India due to some of the following reasons. Such as lack of job security, Absence of Healthcare Benefits, Prevention of Child Labor and School Dropouts, Support During Retirement, Income Support During Crises, Reduced Exploitation and Vulnerability, gender equality, etc.,

11. Successful models by the Indian government

Here, in this paper, the successful models put forth by our Indian government is dealt below by primarily analysing the available categories of welfare schemes and further concentrating on 5 major schemes which is in action right now. These major schemes are studied with the aid of a case study and its outcome which in turn paves way for us to understand the current scenario of such models. The main aim of this study is to create awareness and provide possible solutions for the betterment of it.

11.1 Introduction

Schedule I of the Unorganised Workers' Social Security Act, 2008 outlines the welfare schemes available to unorganized workers, focusing on providing essential social security benefits. These schemes are intended to address the vulnerabilities faced by unorganized workers due to irregular employment, low income, and lack of formal benefits. The schemes are:

Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme.

. National Family Benefit Scheme.

Janani Suraksha Yojana.

Handloom Weavers’ Comprehensive Welfare Scheme.

Handicraft Artisans’ Comprehensive Welfare Scheme.

Pension to Master craft persons.

National Scheme for Welfare of Fishermen and Training and Extension.

Janshree Bima Yojana.

Aam Admi Bima Yojana.

Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana.

This research paper analysis and deals with five successful models of the Indian government for unorganised sector and its workers.

11.2 Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-dhan (PM-SYM)

PM-SYMis a government plan designed to safeguard the elderly and provide social security for unorganised workers. The PMSYM aims to provide old-age security to unorganized sector workers, who comprise over 90% of India’s workforce and who are mostly engaged as beedi workers, agriculture workers, domestic workers, audio-visual workers, etc., With over 93% of India’s workforce around 43.7 crore workers falling under the unorganized sector, many lack access to formal pension schemes. The PMSYM targets low-income workers earning less than ₹15,000 per month, offering them a monthly pension of ₹3,000 post-retirement. The scheme has seen over 45 lakh enrolments as of 2020, with the government contributing equally to workers' pension funds, ensuring financial security in their later years.

Eligibility

The person willing to apply for this should be an unorganised worker between the age of 18 and 40 years and the monthly income should be Rs 15000 or below and should not be engaged in an organised sector or an income tax payer.

Features

This voluntary and contributory pension scheme provides a minimum assured pension of Rs 3000/- per month after reaching the age of 60. If the subscriber dies, the beneficiary's spouse will receive 50% of the pension as a family pension. The family pension applies only to the spouse.

Case study

Logesh Kumar, a 35-year-old street vendor from Lucknow, earns about ₹12,000 per month. Like many in the unorganized sector, Ravi had no savings plan for his old age. Through the PMSYM, Ravi was able to enrol at a nearby Common Service Centre (CSC) with his Aadhaar card and bank account. His monthly contribution of ₹120, matched equally by the government, will provide him with a pension of ₹3,000 per month after he turns 60.

Outcome The scheme gave Ravi a sense of financial security for the future. It also raised awareness among fellow street vendors about the benefits of such government initiatives. PMSYM has the potential to transform the lives of millions of workers by providing a stable source of income in their retirement years, reducing dependency and poverty in old age.

11.3 JANANI SURAKSHA YOJANA(JSY)

JSY is a safe motherhood intervention initiative started by the Indian government in 2005 as part of the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM). It aims to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality by boosting institutional deliveries, especially among low-income pregnant women. The program offers economic incentives to encourage moms to give birth in hospitals rather than at home, assuring access to competent medical care both government based and private facilities. The program targets pregnant women from Below Poverty Line (BPL) households and focusses on low-performing states with high maternal mortality rates. The plan, offering cash incentives of ₹1,400 for rural women and ₹1,000 for urban women, has greatly improved institutional delivery. By 2015, JSY has benefited over 10 million women, resulting in a 22% increase in institutional births and a significant decrease in maternal and newborn mortality throughout India.

Eligibility

The eligibility for cash assistance can be understood form the following table.

Source : computed

Features

Apart from the above given points, JSY also offers free prenatal care, medications, and postnatal care, which dramatically improves maternal and infant health outcomes in India. Further it also provides incentives for women with additional incentives for health workers like ASHA’s who facilitate these deliveries.

Case study

Siva Priya, a 25-year-old woman from a remote village in Bihar, was pregnant with her second child. In her first pregnancy, due to lack of awareness and access to healthcare, she gave birth at home, resulting in complications for both her and her baby. When she became pregnant again, an Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) worker informed her about the Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY). Sita enrolled in the scheme and received regular antenatal check-ups, free medicines, and nutritional advice.

Outcome

When the time came for delivery, Sita was taken to the nearest government hospital, where she had a safe institutional delivery. She received ₹1,400 in cash under the JSY scheme as an incentive for opting for a hospital birth. This money helped her cover basic postnatal care expenses. Sita's experience with JSY not only ensured a safer childbirth but also encouraged other women in her village to opt for institutional deliveries. The scheme's provision of financial support, combined with the involvement of ASHA workers, has significantly improved maternal and infant health outcomes in rural areas like Sita's.

11.4 Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima yojana (PMSBY)

The PMSBY is a government-backed accident insurance policy that began in May 2015. It seeks to provide affordable insurance coverage for accidental death and disability, particularly for people in the informal sector. The initiative ensures that persons with modest incomes have access to financial insurance in the case of an accident. With millions of workers lacking insurance coverage, the government aimed to offer financial security in the event of accidental death or disability. The scheme covers individuals aged 18 to 70 years with an annual premium of just ₹20, providing ₹2 lakh for accidental death or permanent total disability and ₹1 lakh for permanent partial disability. As of 2021, more than 23 crore people had enrolled in PMSBY, reflecting its wide reach and impact, particularly among economically vulnerable groups. The scheme is crucial in addressing the financial vulnerabilities faced by unorganized workers, farmers, and daily wage labourers in India.

Eligibility

It is available to individuals aged 17 to 80 years of age and the policy holder must have a savings bank account.

Features

It provides financial protection for families in the event of the policyholder's accidental death or disability and individuals in the unorganised sector, such as farmers, labourers, and daily wage earners, will benefit the most is to be noted.

Case study

Sunita Devi, a 38-year-old domestic worker from Rajasthan, enrolled in PMSBY in 2019 with an annual premium of just ₹20, which was automatically deducted from her savings account. In 2021, Sunita was involved in a road accident that led to her unfortunate demise. As a sole earner for her family, her sudden death left her husband and two children in financial distress. However, due to her enrolment in PMSBY, her family received ₹2 lakh in compensation.

Outcome

This financial support helped Sunita's family cover funeral costs, manage immediate expenses, and secure some financial stability during their time of crisis. It was a crucial relief at a time when they had no other resources. PMSBY ensured that low-income families like Sunita’s had access to life and accident insurance, providing them with a safety net in the event of unexpected tragedies. The scheme has been vital in offering affordable protection to millions of economically vulnerable families across India.

11.5 Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY)

PMMY was launched on April 8, 2015, by the Government of India to provide financial assistance to micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), particularly in the unorganized sector. The scheme was introduced to address the financing needs of small businesses, which often struggled to access loans from traditional banks due to a lack of collateral.

Under PMMY, loans are provided through various financial institutions, including public and private sector banks, regional rural banks, microfinance institutions, and non-banking financial companies (NBFCs). The scheme is divided into three categories based on the loan amount:

Shishu : Loans up to ₹50,000 for startups and early-stage businesses.

Kishore : Loans from ₹50,001 to ₹5 lakh for growing businesses.

Tarun : Loans from ₹5 lakh to ₹10 lakh for established businesses needing expansion.

By March 2023, over 40 crore loans had been sanctioned, with a total disbursement of more than ₹23.2 lakh crore. 68% of loans were given to women entrepreneurs, and 51% to individuals from SC/ST/OBC categories. The scheme has been instrumental in fostering entrepreneurship, financial inclusion, and job creation at the grassroots level.

Eligibility

There is no specific age limit mentioned, but the applicant must be an adult, typically between 18 and 65 years. The eligible businesses can apply for loans in any of the above given categories.

Features

The scheme ensures easy access to credit without the need for security and promotes entrepreneurship in underserved communities, particularly women and SC/ST/OBC groups. The loans are available through a wide network of financial institutions with flexible repayment terms ranging from 3 to 5 years. Beneficiaries are also issued a MUDRA card to manage working capital needs efficiently.

Case study

karthik, a 32-year-old man from a small village in Tamil Nadu, had a small tailoring business but lacked the capital to expand his operations. He wanted to purchase more sewing machines and hire additional workers to meet increasing demand but was unable to secure a loan from traditional banks due to a lack of collateral. In 2017, Karthik learned about the PMMY, which offers collateral-free loans to small businesses.

Outcome Karthik applied for a Shishu loan (loans up to ₹50,000) under the PMMY scheme through a local bank. The loan was approved, allowing him to buy two new sewing machines and hire two assistants. His business flourished, and within a year, his income had doubled. Karthik’s story highlights the success of PMMY in empowering small entrepreneurs. The scheme enabled him to expand his business, create local employment, and improve his family’s financial situation. By offering collateral-free loans, PMMY has provided millions of small business owners like Karthik with the financial support needed to grow their enterprises.

11.6 Pradhan Mantri Kisan Maan-dhan Yojana (PM-KMY)

The PM-KMY was launched on September 12, 2019, by the Government of India as a social security initiative for small and marginal farmers. It is part of the broader effort to support farmers, providing a financial safety net in their old age. The scheme is implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare and aims to secure a dignified post-retirement life for farmers who often have limited means of income once they stop working. This scheme’s only aim is to provide social security to small and marginal farmers in their old age. The objectives of the scheme are to provide a fixed monthly pension to marginal farmers after the age of 60, to ensure financial independence for farmers during old age and to alleviate rural poverty by supporting vulnerable farmer groups. As of 2023, more than 21 lakh farmers have enrolled in the scheme. The administration intends to expand enrolment by undertaking awareness efforts and streamlining the process. The plan is designed to help more than 5 crore farmers safeguard their livelihoods in the long run.

Eligibility

The PM-KMY is open to small and marginal farmers aged 18 to 40 years. Farmers must possess up to 2 hectares of cultivable land and do not participate in any other contributing pension systems or pay income tax. The initiative is aimed at economically challenged farmers to provide financial security in their elderly age. It is open to farmers who do not have formal work or pension plans and aims to provide them with a consistent monthly income after the age of 60.

Features

It is a contributory pension system that aims to offer financial stability for small and marginal farmers in their old age. Farmers aged 18-40 can enrol by contributing ₹55-₹200 per month, depending on their age at the time of joining. Enrolled farmers receive a monthly pension of ₹3,000 after they reach the age of 60. The initiative is co-contributory, which means the government will equal the farmer's contribution. In the event of the farmer's death, the spouse is entitled to 50% of the income as a family pension. The scheme assures farmers have a steady income after retirement. Economically disadvantaged farmers must safeguard their financial security in old life. It is open to farmers without any formal occupation.

Case study

Ramesh Yadav, a 38-year-old small farmer from Uttar Pradesh, enrolled in the PM-KMY in 2020. Owning just 1.5 hectares of land, he faced seasonal income fluctuations, making future financial security a concern. Under the scheme, Ramesh contributed ₹100 per month, with the government matching his contribution. Upon turning 60, he will receive a monthly pension of ₹3,000, ensuring a steady income in his retirement.

Outcome

For Ramesh, the scheme offers a sense of security, reducing his dependence on unpredictable farming income. The scheme has similarly benefited over 21 lakh farmers nationwide, providing them a safety net for old age. This initiative is empowering small farmers, helping them lead a dignified life post-retirement, and reducing their financial vulnerability in later years.

12. Suggestions

In the light of aforementioned facts, it is necessary to provide social security to unorganised sector and its workers and to widen the awareness about it.

The following are the possible suggestions to be taken into considerations:

To strengthen implementation of existing social security laws through better coordination between central and state governments, ensuring that benefits reach all eligible workers.

To increase awareness and accessibility by launching targeted awareness campaigns to inform unorganized workers about available social security schemes and how to enrol, especially in rural and remote areas where awareness is often lacking.

To simplify the registration process for unorganized workers to register for social security schemes by minimizing bureaucratic hurdles and incorporating digital platforms for easy access.

To encourage and initiate public-private collaborations to offer more robust financial and insurance products tailored to unorganized workers, while sharing the financial burden between the government and private institutions.

To introduce portable social security benefits for migrant and mobile workers, for benefits such as pensions and health insurance are portable across states, allowing workers to access these benefits regardless of their location.

To establish independent bodies to regularly monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of social security schemes for unorganized workers, identifying gaps in implementation and making necessary adjustments based on feedback from workers and stakeholders.

13. Conclusion

To conclude, we can say that, the Indian government is making enormous progress in uplifting unorganised sector of the society but moving forward, a multi-faceted approach involving policy reforms, better outreach, and more inclusive systems will be essential to ensuring a better future for unorganized workers in India.

14. References

Shams Mukhtar, Health hazard and occupational safety challenges for Unorganized sector workers in India, Vol.27, Issue 1, CIBG, pg.3210-3221,2021.

Mookiah, Problems and prospectus of unorganized sector workers in Tamil Nadu, Vol 5, Issue 6, JETIR, Pg. 111-113,2018.

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