Volume I · Issue I · 2026
Track I — Employment Rights & Social Security in India's Unorganised Sector
42 peer-reviewed articles examining labour law, social security frameworks, and the rights of unorganised and gig-economy workers in India, alongside emerging work on AI-driven skilling and legal technology.
This issue is published as the founding sub-theme track of AICyberLex Nexus. Additional sub-theme tracks and future issues will be added to this volume as they are finalised.
ARTICLE 1
Employment Rights And Prevailing Conditions Of Workers Concerning Social Security
The article explores the dynamic realm of employment law, focusing specifically on the intricate relationship between social security benefits and workers' rights. The established legal frameworks for safeguarding workers' well-being are encountering…
ARTICLE 2
The Social Security Code, 2020: Expanding Coverage and Empowering India’s Unorganized Workforce.
The Social Security Code, 2020, is a significant legislative effort aimed at addressing the economic insecurities faced by India's working population. Social security has long been recognized globally as a crucial mechanism for mitigating such insecurities,…
ARTICLE 3
Weaving Prosperity: Problems of Handloom Workers in Karnataka and Leveraging Geographical Indications to Enhance their Socio-Economic Condition
This study examines the socio-economic circumstances of handloom workers in Karnataka, a state renowned for its rich cultural legacy and economic environment. It investigates the historical development, economic influence, present condition and problems of…
ARTICLE 4
Study on Social Security Laws and Job Satisfaction in Small Businesses in India
This study analyses employees’ satisfaction with social security laws implemented in small businesses. Furthermore, it also addresses whether its implementation improves the job satisfaction of employees by focusing on key legislations such as the Employees’…
ARTICLE 5
Poverty and Social Insecurity with regard to Unorganized Workers in the Formal Garment Industry in Bangalore
Poverty and social insecurities are interrelated and they cause alarming inequalities in the society. Employment is the mechanism to overcome these instabilities. But both formal and informal sectors support these inequalities rather than abolishing them. The…
ARTICLE 6
Basic labour protections for platform workers around the globe- A cross country analysis
Industry 4.0 and the spurt of covid 19 has promoted the growth of Platform Economy which is an employment model without an employer and employee relationship. Niti Ayog along with Government predicts that there will be a considerable number of platform…
ARTICLE 7
Safeguarding Dignity at Work: An Examination of Employment Rights and Social Security in the Modern Labour Market
This abstract examines the intricate relationship between employment rights and the prevailing conditions of workers within the context of social security frameworks. As economies evolve and the labor market undergoes transformation due to globalization,…
ARTICLE 8
Empowering unorganised sector workers: Addressing social security challenges
Workers in the unorganized sector play a significant role in the economy, often contributing to industries such as agriculture, construction, and small-scale manufacturing. However, despite their substantial contributions, they frequently lack access to…
ARTICLE 9
On-Demand Platform Workers: Employees or Independent Contractors?
“The State shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting as effectively as it may a social order in which justice, social, economic and political, shall inform all the institutions of the national life” – Article 38 (1),…
ARTICLE 10
Right to occupational safety of building workers: An analysis in the light of The Buildings and Other Construction Workers (Regulation Of Employment And Conditions Of Service) Act, 1996: With reference to Kerala
The industrial sector is one of the largest sectors providing employment to a vast number of people. It is the secondary sector contributing at highest level to the development of economy of India. Besides providing occupation to many people and it also…
ARTICLE 11
Overcoming Barriers To Social Security In India's Informal Economy In Karnataka
The unorganized sector in India plays a crucial role in the country’s economic growth, contributing nearly 50% to the GDP. However, despite comprising 43.99 crores (439.9 million) workers, only about 6% of these workers are covered by social security…
ARTICLE 12
Decoding Employment Rights And Prevailing Conditions Of Workers Concerning Social Security In India
India's system of employment rights and social security is based on a long tradition of labour laws designed to protect the welfare of workers. Despite having significant legal protections such as the Minimum Wages Act and the Code on Social Security, the…
ARTICLE 13
Beyond The Pit: A Legal Analysis Of Manual Scavenging And Social Protection
Millions of people globally, especially in India, are still plagued by manual scavenging, a trace of caste-based oppression. From earlier periods to the current developing era, it has been a persistent and cruel practice that affects marginalized people.…
ARTICLE 14
Legal Protection For Domestic Workers In Chennai : A Comprehensive Analysis
A domestic worker is someone who undertakes housework (cooking, cleaning, washing clothes) for a single or multiple household for their living. They can be part-time or full-time workers and at times they also work as live-in domestic workers. It is reported…
ARTICLE 15
Analysing The Position Of Platform Based Workers: Advocating For Enhanced Rights
The terms ‘platform workers’, ‘gig workers’, etc., are often used to describe non-traditional work arrangements where the nature of work is short term, and mostly demand driven, hence falling to meet the classical employment criteria. Gig workers form a wider…
ARTICLE 16
The Denial Of Social Security To Gig Workers: Regulatory Check For E-Commerce Market
There has been a significant rise of e-business companies which have altered the employment landscape with gig economy advancing as a feature selling point. Yet, this burgeoning sector harbours a significant issue, that is, the lack of social security for a…
ARTICLE 17
Trade Unions In The It Sector: Navigating Employment Rights And Social Security In A Transforming Industry
The emergence of trade unions in the IT sector, once considered improbable due to the industry's unique work culture and high-skilled workforce, marks a significant shift in how employment rights and social security are viewed within this domain. This paper…
ARTICLE 18
Navigating Social Security – Bridging the Gap Between Policy and Practice
“The problem of modern democracy is rooted in its neglect of unorganized people” - William Grieder. Workers in the unorganized sectors constitute around 93% of the total workforce in India. Social security schemes play a pivotal role in the betterment of the…
ARTICLE 19
Assessment of Occupational Health Risks and Awareness of Social Security Schemes among Florists in the Unorganized Sector
Floristry is a demanding and labour-intensive profession; floral craftsmen engaged in this field frequently encounter varied problems like musculoskeletal discomfort, injuries and accidents arising from repetitive tasks, exposure to chemicals, sharp tools and…
ARTICLE 20
Assessing the gig economy's influence on employment and poverty alleviation in India
The gig economy has emerged as a prominent force in the modern labour market, considerably influencing employment and poverty worldwide. The gig economy brings a diverse collection of difficulties and possibilities that have an influence on employment and…
ARTICLE 21
Legal Framework Governing Employment right and Social Security in India's Unorganised Sector: A Comparative Legal Analysis
The unorganized sector in India, which employs a significant portion of the workforce, is plagued by profound insecurities, including inadequate legal protections and social security. Employment rights and conditions, such as equal pay, job stability, secure…
ARTICLE 22
A Legal Analysis To Empower Weaker Sections Though Social Security Measures In India
Most international personalities and international law recognize the right to social security as a fundamental human right. The right to social security is recognized as an indispensable human right for human personality's dignity and free development under…
ARTICLE 23
Bridging The Gap: A Critical Analysis Of Social Security Schemes For Unorganized Labor In The 21st Century
Martin Luther King Jr., one of the most prominent civil rights movement leaders of the mid-20th century, when asked about labor, stated that "All labor that uplifts humanity has dignity and importance and should be undertaken with painstaking excellence."…
ARTICLE 24
Human Rights and the Right to Social Security: Analyzing Protections for Unorganized Workers
The right to social security is a fundamental human right enshrined in various international human rights instruments, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR).…
ARTICLE 25
An unfinished task: The Karnataka Platform Based Gig Workers (Social Security and Welfare) Bill, 2024
The 21st century has seen developments in the work style of organizations and employees, ranging from strong labor laws after the fallouts of First Industrial Revolution to allowing hybrid working systems during the pandemic. The Fourth Industrial Revolution…
ARTICLE 26
Impact of Social Security Benefit Schemes on Unorganised Workers in India
India recently surpassed China in population. The world's third-largest economy is India. The per capita income in our country is ₹ 2.12 lakh in 2023-24. It costs USD 2,500, which is low. It may be because 93% of workers are in the unorganized sector, where…
ARTICLE 27
Impact of VET on Employability in India’s Informal Sector
According to PLFS report, the employment rate has been increasing over time, in conjunction with an increase in the level of education especially vocational education training (VET). Nevertheless, the standard of employment is exceedingly low. However,…
ARTICLE 28
Assessment of the Social Security Scheme on Unorganized Labor in India
Social Security Schemes are an instrumental tool in providing social and financial stability to the workers, especially the unorganized laborers in India. According to ILO, the labor market in India is predominantly made up of informal workers. This term…
ARTICLE 29
Digital Literacy and its Role in the Utilisation of E-Governance Platforms for Skill Development and Employment Stability for Unorganised Workers
Abstract: The paper emphasises the importance of digital skills in the modern workforce. It is imperative for unorganised workers to learn digital literacy to be able to adapt and ‘fit in’ with a digital environment. Digital literacy helps in the growth of…
ARTICLE 30
The Unseen Struggle: Social Security Challenges Of Haritha Karma Sena Workers In Kerala
Haritha Karmasena is a venture operating in the sector of sanitation and waste management within local self-government bodies across Kerala. The relevance of waste management in the circular economy is gaining sectoral importance nowadays. In addressing…
ARTICLE 31
An Analysis on Social Security Coverage and Protection Gaps for Workers in the Unorganized Sector
This paper delves into the intricate relationship between employment rights and social security, examining the prevailing conditions for workers of unorganised sectors within this framework. It explores the evolution of social security systems, their role in…
ARTICLE 32
Addressing the social security Gap for sanitation workers in India
The main objective of this paper is to examine and provide remedies for the significant disparities in social security benefits that sanitation workers get. This paper aims to achieve the following objectives : 1. Identify the Current Gaps: To evaluate the…
ARTICLE 33
Effectiveness of Social Security Schemes For Street Vendors: An Analysis of Vendors at Kozhikode Railway Station
Social security schemes play a vital role in enhancing the livelihood and well-being of street vendors, particularly those working in railway stations. This paper examine the effectiveness of social security schemes implemented for street vendors at Kozhikode…
ARTICLE 34
Employment and Social Security Shields of Indian Workforce
For a nation to develop, the ancillary relationship between the employer and employee lay the foundation to achieve prosperity. Social security in employment is the protection for the workforce covering several aspects of their individual wellbeing in…
ARTICLE 35
Marketing of Agricultural Produce: Problems Experienced by Beneficiary Farmers in ACWM
Agriculture is different from industry and plays a significant role in the economic development of a nation. Agriculture is a vital activity that supports the survival of the human race by providing the required nutrition and minerals through the food grains.…
ARTICLE 36
A Critical Case Study On The Successful Models Of Social Security For Unorganised Workers In India
This couplet by Thiruvalluvar, a Tamil philosopher, which explains as “Even though God be against, Effort is bound to pay the wages of labour” lays emphasis on the labours standards and rights is notable. In Indian economy a broad spectrum of activities…
ARTICLE 37
The Impact of Climate Change on Unorganised Workers in India: A Proposal for Establishing a Dedicated Government Department
This paper advocates for the establishment of a dedicated government department to oversee the welfare of unorganized workers. Such a department would address various critical aspects, including social security, health benefits, and legal protections. Despite…
ARTICLE 38
Ensuring Social Security For Self-Employed Workers In The Unorganized Sector Under The Code On Social Security, 2020
The self-employed workers in India's unorganized sector form a significant portion of the country's workforce, engaging in diverse activities such as agriculture, street vending, and artisanal trades. Despite their essential contributions to the economy, they…
ARTICLE 39
Evaluating the Awareness and Accessibility of Social Welfare Schemes Among Unorganized Workers in Tamil Nadu: An Empirical Study
The Government of India implements several social welfare schemes through its policy decisions to ensure social security benefits to the unorganised sector. Such Social welfare schemes includes various aspects of life and disability insurance, healthcare,…
ARTICLE 40
Rights of Workers and the Code on Social Security, 2020: An Analysis
The International Labor Organization (ILO) is devoted to promoting social justice and internationally recognized human and labour rights, pursuing its founding mission that labour peace is essential to prosperity. Today, the ILO helps advance the creation of…
ARTICLE 41
Digital Voices of the Voiceless: Social Media Narratives Shaping Unorganized Workers' Rights in Karnataka
This study examines how social media platforms are enabling unorganized workers in Karnataka, India to shape narratives around their rights and welfare. Employing a mixed-methods approach combining thematic analysis and sentiment analysis, it investigates…
ARTICLE 42
Harnessing Artificial Intelligence for Empowerment: Enhancing Skill Development and Job Placement in the Ashadeepa Scheme for SC/ST Communities
Introducing AI into the Ashadeepa Scheme heralds a new dawn for empowering SC and ST communities. By being able to analyse labour market trends, presage cases of emerging skill gaps, and optimize job placement processes, AI can make vocational training and…